Journal of Clinical and Basic Research

en Molecular insights into skin pigmentation: Unraveling the role of key genes and Mirnas in melanogenesis Genetics مروری Review <div style="text-align: justify;">Background: Human skin pigmentation is a complex phenotype governed by an interplay of genetic, biochemical, and physiological factors. Melanogenesis involves tightly regulated enzymatic pathways that control the balance between eumelanin and pheomelanin synthesis, ultimately determining individual skin color and influencing susceptibility to pigmentation disorders and UV-related health outcomes. Methods: An extensive literature review was conducted to construct a comprehensive molecular framework of skin pigmentation. Key genes involved in melanogenesis, including TYR, along with regulatory microRNAs (miRNAs), were systematically analyzed. Relevant studies addressing environmental influences—particularly ultraviolet (UV) exposure—and pigmentation disorders were also evaluated. Results: This review elucidates the central roles of melanogenic genes and miRNAs in regulating pigment production and melanocyte function. Multiple miRNAs were identified as critical modulators of melanogenesis-related pathways. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms underlying pigmentation disorders, including oculocutaneous albinism, were characterized. Environmental factors, especially UV radiation, were shown to exert significant effects on melanogenic signaling and skin color variation. Conclusion: Skin pigmentation is regulated through a multifaceted network of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. By integrating current molecular insights, this review advances understanding of melanogenesis and associated disorders, providing a robust foundation for future research and potential therapeutic strategies targeting pigmentation-related conditions.</div> Pigmentation, Skin Color (Skin Pigmentation), Eumelanin (eumelanin [Supplementary Concept]), Melanogenesis, Molecular Pathway 0 0 http://jcbr.goums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-127-12&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Fatemeh Vaghefi fatemeh_vqf@yahoo.com 10031947532846006792 0009-0000-1444-0953 No Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Gorgan Congenital Malformations Research Center, Jorjani Clinical sciences Research Institute, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Farzaneh Motallebi farzanehh.motallebii@gmail.com 10031947532846006791 0009-0006-7228-8826 No Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Gorgan Congenital Malformations Research Center, Jorjani Clinical sciences Research Institute, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Teymoor Khosravi tkhosravi1375@gmail.com 10031947532846006793 10031947532846006793 No Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Gorgan Congenital Malformations Research Center, Jorjani Clinical sciences Research Institute, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Zainab M. Al Sudani zainabmohamedzm0@gmail.com 10031947532846006794 0009-0006-7947-4111 No Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Gorgan Congenital Malformations Research Center, Jorjani Clinical sciences Research Institute, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Mohaddeseh Mohsenipour mhds.mohsenipour@gmail.com 10031947532846006795 0009-0004-5079-3288 No Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Gorgan Congenital Malformations Research Center, Jorjani Clinical sciences Research Institute, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Arian Rahimzadeh arianrahimzadeh1380@gmail.com 10031947532846006796 0009-0001-3732-4012 No Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Gorgan Congenital Malformations Research Center, Jorjani Clinical sciences Research Institute, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Morteza Oladnabi مرتضی اولادنبی oladnabidozin@yahoo.com 10031947532846006797 10031947532846006797 Yes Gorgan Congenital Malformations Research Center, Jorjani Clinical sciences Research Institute, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; IranIschemic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran